Wednesday, January 27, 2016

Ancient prosthetic leg

Alzheimer's could be spotted 20 years before the first symptoms appear


Spotting the earliest signs of Alzheimer's could lead to new treatments for preventing the onset of dementia, scientists believe Alzheimer's could be spotted in people 20 years before the first symptoms appear, scientists have found. Researchers at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute and the Uppsala Un...


http://flip.it/dQaWS

Face value: How fertile women spot rivals.


Women with high levels of oestradiol are best able to recognise others in the most fertile phase of their menstrual cycle, according to new study It is not only animals that rely on physical cues to gauge the fertility of potential rivals for a mate, according to an unusual study published on Wed...


http://flip.it/gP9gd

5,000-Year-Old Hieroglyphs Discovered in Sinai Desert

Migrating storks and garbage dumps.

Grand-mother elephants teach the young.

Tuesday, January 26, 2016

Jaffna in 1893

Ceylon in 1893.
DESCRIBING
THE PROGRESS OF THE ISLAND SINCE 1803,
ITS PRESENT
AGRICULTURAL AND" COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES,.
AND ITS
Unequalled attractions to Visitors.
WITH
USEFUL STATISTICAL INFORMATION, SPECIALLY PREPARED MAP,.
AND UPWARDS OF ONE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS.
BY
JOHN FERGUSON,

Co-Editor of " Ceylon Observer," " Tropical Agriculturist," " Ceylon Handbook," etc. Life Member of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society ;
Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Royal Colonial and Imperial Institutes,

" Embassies from regions far remote ;
From India and the Golden Chersonese,
* * * *
And utmost Indian Isle TAPEOBANE."—MILTON


Excerpts

THE 'NORTH'.
The Lady Gordon approached Kangesanturai, the port of Jaffna,
during the south-west monsoon, at early daylight. It would be of
greater interest perhaps to make the passage to Jaffna in the other
(north-east) monsoon,'when the steamer has to thread her way among
the eight or nine little islands west of Jaffna, passing Delft—Pliny's
"island, of the sun"—noted in modern days as a breeding place for
horses, some R.2,000 worth of which are still annually sold by Government—
Punkudutivu, Kayts, Mandativu, etc.
W c soon made experience of the far-famed Jaffna roads, which in the
forty-five miles of the day's driving altogether proved as smooth and
pleasant as the best of our Colombo cinnamon-gardens roads.
Our first stage was to Tellippalai, the seat of the very interesting
branch of the American Mission under the care of the Rev. T. S. and
Mrs. Smith. Unfortunately they were away in Southern India, and it
being vacation time, the scholastic and. industrial institutions could not
be seen to advantage. But some of the native teachers and scholars
located in the place did their best to give us some idea of the arrangements,
and the work done in " Sanders Hall" and other educational
sections, while the intelligence manifested in reference to the carpentry,
ironwork, taxidermy, printing and book-binding industrial departments,
showed a deep interest on the part of the lads and their leaders in their
industrial occupations.
Our next visit, after turning a little off the mainland to Jaffna through
carefully fenced fields, some of which still bore crops of different kinds
of grain, gardens of vegetables, or, farther on, of tobacco—all manifesting
the utmost care in culture—was to Uduvil, one of the oldest and bestknown
stations of the American Mission. Here we saw the venerable
Dr. Howland, senior, and his estimable daughter, who, with a large
staff of competent Tamil teachers of both sexes, manage one of the
largest educational and boarding establishments for girls in the island—
perhaps the very largest and most complete. Dr. Howland, though now
over seventy-three * years of age, is wonderfully active and interested
* He died in August 1892,
Appendix V. 313
in his church and "parish," as well as schools. The sight of over 100 Tamil
girls, from five or six to, I suppose, twelve or thirteen years of age, assembled
in their commodious and comfortable though plainly-built hall, and
their singing of English, as well as vernacular, hymns and lyrics, was a
novel and pleasing experience, and one never likely to be forgotten. The
dormitories, kitchen, and other arrangements by which the girls are
taught to make themselves generally useful were pointed out, and wc
were persuaded, with kind help, to go further afield (in place of going
direct to Jaffna) to see the similar boys' establishment, or rather the
"Jaffna College " at Batticotta. This enabled us to call at Manippay, the
station for village and school work of Mrs. and Miss Hastings, who had
recently been bereaved by the widely-lamented death of Dr. Hastings,
so universally esteemed in the north for his good works and devoted
loving character.
314 Ceylon in 1893.
The drive along this cross-country road for some seven miles to Batticotta,
and afterward for seven more miles by a different road, into Jaffna
town, I may at once say, was most enjoyable. Batticotta is surrounded
by far-extending arable farms alternated with groves of palmyra and
coconuts, and vegetable gardens cultivated to perfection. The Batticotta
educational establishment for boys and young men must certainly be
the most extensive in the island. Dr. W . W . Howland (son of the veteran
at Uduvi) and Mrs. Howland actively supervise, assisted by Mr. Wallace
and a large staff. About 400 collegians and scholars of all degrees are
•connected, with this division of the Mission, and the arrangements for
the different branches are most complete, not the least interesting to us
strangers being the spacious (though simply built) " hall" or circus for
gymnastics.
At Batticotta there is, in a comparatively good state of preservation,
a fine specimen of the churches, dating from the middle of last century,
with which the Dutch endowed each " parish" into which they divided
their much-loved Jaffna possession. In the " God's acre " at Tellippalai
and at Uduvil, and in the church of the latter and at Batticotta, many
such names came before m e in gravestone or wall, including Father and
Mrs. Spaulding and Miss Agnew, who gave over half-a-century each to
the Mission and never returned to the Far West; Dr. Poor, who was
attended in his last illness by Dr. Green (M.D.), would have his little
joke even when dying, as he said : " A poor patient and a green doctor!"
Dr. Green himself, after leaving as notable a mark on the island, or
rather on its sons, as any man who ever came to Ceylon—by so many
Tamils trained in his medical class—returned to America, only to find
that, practically, .his lifework had been given to Jaffna, I hacl the
privilege of visiting his home at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1884, but
I found the good doctor on his deathbed. Then there were the names
of Hoisington, Sanders and Apthorp, who used to tease his Virginian
wife about her slave-owning relatives, and some more, alhclassical and
revered in the history of Tamil Missions in the north. An interesting
feature of the same is the extent to which son and daughter have followed
father and mother in this Mission.
In one respect, I could not help feeling during this visit to the north
—as afterwards in the Eastern Province—the great advantage held by
the missionaries to the Tamils over most of their brethren in the
Sinhalese districts, at any rate in Colombo, Galle and Kandy. It lies
in the far closer relation existing between them and their native work
—the absence of calls on behalf of English-speaking congregations and
operations which necessarily absorb so much attention in the south.
The town of Jaffna appeared to advantage as we approached it from
Batticotta in the early afternoon. In contrast to the expanse of lowlying
fields and bare tidal shore tothe west, the fort looked quite commanding
in position. Looking at the flat and apparently stoneless country comprised
in the peninsula, surprise may be felt as to where the materials,
especially for the walls, were obtained to construct the Jaffna fort.
The native town in its many admirable streets looked the perfection
of cleanliness, though the continuity of close fencing, preventing the
free circulation of air, could not but be objected to in the case of the
dwellings of Hindus and Moormen. There is no want of open spaces,
however, on the fort and esplanade side of the town. The latter looks
well with the " Longden clocktower," though the timepiece like its
founder is inclined to "wait-a-bit" or "bide-a-wee" occasionally.
Inside the fort the most conspicuous object is the old Dutch Presbyterian
church, after the pattern and very much of the size of Wolvendal.
Appendix V. 315
Facing the esplanade are the Anglican and Wesleyan churches, and
close to the latter the headquarters of the Mission, in an ancient Dutch
residence. This has been added to from time to time in order to
accommodate the very extensive educational establishments both for boys
and girls, with a training institution for teachers just over the w a y—
•all carried on under the immediate superintendence of the resident
missionary and his wife, for the time Mr. and Mrs. Rcstarick, with Miss
Stephenson in charge of the girls' boarding school. The work done here
by a succession of able and. devoted missionaries of both sexes, the
Percivals, Kilners, and Biggs, has had a notable effect on the youth and
manhood and womanhood of Jaffna. The Rev. J. and Mrs. Pickford had
recently taken charge of the Church Mission in the north, with headquarters
at Nellore. Before, however, reaching that suburb of the
capital we had a message that enthusiastic Father Lytton of railway
fame was on the look-out for ns, and our coachman seemed to know all
about it and what to do ; for without a word he drove into the quadrangle
of St. Patrick's College, where a juvenile brass band, in neat uniforms,
were performing. This is the only band in Jaffna, and entirely composed
of young Tamil lads, some of whom at least belonged to families or
" caste," who considered it greatly beneath them to touch wind (" blowing
") instruments, but the " Fathers" remaining firm as to the foolishness
of such prejudices and determined to make no caste distinctions—even
though some mothers besought them with tears—the result is now a
very competent, contented, indeed proud band of players. Most of the
pupils were absent, but those who were hastily called together and made
to stand in line by the Principal, Father Dunn (like Father Lytton,
from the Emerald Isle), were sufficient to show the great importance of
the institution.
Though so late for our-engagement at Point Pedro we did not miss
Nellore, I am glad to say : the fine old church is situated in what may
be considered "the most pleasant suburb oE Jaffna—distinguished by
nmbrageous trees and an abundance of vegetation. W e were glad to
find Mr. and Mrs. Pickford so fully entered on their extensive and
responsible work—a work which it is feared caused the premature death
of the Rev. E. M. Griffith through its pressure of manifold duties. Mr.
Pickford was enjoying better health than in Colombo, the overseeing and
directing of Chundlkuli and Kopay, as well as Nellore, stations entailing
a good deal of travelling. W e visited the very interesting girls' boarding
school so intimately connected with the earnest labours of Mrs. and
Miss Griffith, and now under Mrs. Pickford's care; and then Mr. Pickford
accompanied and helped us along our road as far as Kopay church, the
steeple of which, in the great "cyclone" of December 1884, was blown
down, falling into and exactly filling an adjacent well! The station is a
flourishing one, and a training institution for teachers and catechists is
located there.
Continuing our journey, we had now a wdde stretch of agricultural
•country before us, and plenty of leisure to observe various forms of
agricultural labour among the most industrious people of the north.
Working at their wells, raising water for irrigating their fields, was that
which more particularly claimed attention. Well sweeps, such as may
be seen in the gardens of some Tamils in Colombo, were universal; and.
the walking up and down the long lever as the bucket rose and fell must
be wearisome labour when continued for hours. Occasionally two men,
or father and son, stood on the sweep, while a third attended to the
hucket. The care taken of the water and the " neatness " of the fields
and little vegetable gardens were very striking. Here were half a dozen
316 Ceylon in 1893.
labourers busy digging—trenching in manure under the farmer's direction,
probably for a crop of tobacco. Here again a large herd of cattle, or of
goats, or rather Jaffna sheep, returning home from such pickings of
pasture as could be found on roadsides or damp hollows, while the goats
and sheep showed their agility, in this the dry season, in standing up
to the lower branches of trees and making a meal of the leaves. Here
again were boys watching for the ripe fruit of the palmyra to fall. Of
course, it is well known that, what the coconut is to the Sinhalese between
Colombo and Galle, that and much more is the palmyra to the Tamils of
the Jaffna peninsula.
But we arc now hastening on towards Point Pedro ; we crossed a
great estuary of the sea (Sirukalli ?)' by a grand viaduct, and the view
over the expanse of low fields with the estuary running out to meet
what seemed the ocean in the distance led our military companion
to exclaim, " The Medway ! " and certainly the resemblance to that
lowlying pari of Kent was very strikingly seen as the shades of evening
were falling. In the immediate neighbourhood of Point Pedro, the
village cultivation—horticulture and market gardening—has always been
described as carried almost to perfection; every house or hut has its
carefully tended garden, with fruit trees or beds of vegetables or both,
each with its well or wells, and enclosed in a perfect fence. These
fences, by the way, among the Jaffna Hindus, in the country as well as
the towns, have one useful (?) purpose in keeping off the effects of the
" evil eye," in which they arc firm believers I
It is curious to read of H. M. 52nd Regiment invading and occupying
Point Pedro "Fort " from Negapatam, and thence marching to Jaffna.
How strange to read even as tradition that the " King of Jaffna" some
500 years ago organised a fleet in which an army was carried to fight
against the troublesome Moormen and their forts at Chilaw, Negombo,
and Colombo ! Of the great coasting trade to and from Jaffna in the
past much could be said : also of local industries, in boat and ship
building, spinning and weaving cotton, working in metals, especially as
jewellers, etc. The "King of Cotta" in 1410 is said to have loaded a ship
at Colombo with goods to despatch to his son, the " King " or " Prince "
of Jaffnapatam. The prosperity of the little peninsula was, however,
we may be sure, never greater than at present. The growth and export
of tobacco, a really important industry, of sheep, cattle, etc., and of
palmyra timber, enables the people to buy grain and all other necessaries
to supplement their local production; there is a considerable trade in
chank shells—we found the shore in front of the Custom House at Jaffna
strewed with bags or piles of them ready for shipment to Southern
India. An average of some 50 to 60 elephants are shipped yearly from the
Northern Province (paying R.1,000 a head each as royalty to Government)
; but wc found afterwards when at Batticaloa that perhaps half
of this number are from other than the Northern Province ! At any
rate the Government Agent of the Eastern Province gave passes for 21
elephants caught in his territory which were to be travelled overland to

the north for shipment.